Electrochemical Reduction Of Nitrate Research Articles

The Simultaneous Efficient Recovery of Ammonia Nitrogen and Phosphate Resources in the Form of Struvite: Optimization and Potential Applications for the Electrochemical Reduction of NO3−

In response to the need for improvement in the utilization of ammonium-rich solutions after the electrochemical reduction of nitrate (NO3−–RR), this study combined phosphorus-containing wastewater and adopted the electrochemical precipitation method for the preparation of struvite (MAP) to simultaneously recover nitrogen and phosphorus resources. At a current density of 5 mA·cm−2 and an initial solution pH of 7.0, the recovery efficiencies for nitrogen and phosphorus can reach 47.15% and 88.66%, respectively. Under various experimental conditions, the generated struvite (MgNH4PO4·6H2O) exhibits a typical long prismatic structure. In solutions containing nitrate and nitrite, the coexisting ions have no significant effect on the final product, struvite. Finally, the characterization of the precipitate product by X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that its main component is struvite, with a high purity reaching 93.24%. Overall, this system can effectively recover ammonium nitrogen from the NO3−–RR solution system after nitrate reduction, with certain application prospects for the recovery of ammonium nitrogen and phosphate.

Tailoring Ni 3d orbitals in Ni-Fe/Ni foam heterostructures for enhanced H* adsorption and boosted electrocatalytic nitrate reduction performance

The electrochemical nitrate (NO3−) reduction (ENR) in wastewater, a promising remediation strategy, is often impeded by the essential use of costly noble metals. This study introduces an innovative non-noble Ni-Fe/Ni foam cathode fabricated via one-step electrodeposition technique. Efficient nitrate removal (99.4 %) was achieved with the selectivity of 83.6 % to NH3. The exceptional performance can be ascribed to the augmented active sites and the synergistic interaction between Ni and Fe. The leftward shift of the 3d orbitals density of Ni and the elevation of density at the Fermi level on Ni foam heterostructures, consequent to Fe doping, enhance the adsorption of H*. The addition of reactive chlorine species, generated through anodizing in Cl− mediated system, further improves N2 selectivity by oxidizing intermediate NH4+ product. The coupled anodic oxidation method employed herein achieves nearly 100 % removal efficiency of total nitrogen (TN) for initial concentration of 100 mg/L within 180 min, under the conditions of 1.5 g/L Cl− concentration and a current density of 25 mA cm−2. The findings underscore the potential of the Ni-Fe/Ni foam cathode within a Cl− mediated electrocatalytic framework for nitrate wastewater treatment, providing novel insights into the design of cathode catalysts and anodic coupling strategies for efficient TN removal.

Ru-Doped NiFe-MIL-53 with Facilitated Reconstruction and Active Hydrogen Supplement for Enhanced Nitrate Reduction.

The Electrochemical reduction of nitrate to ammonia (NH3) is a process of great significance to energy utilization and environmental protection. However, it suffers from sluggish multielectron/proton-involved steps involving coupling reactions between different reaction intermediates and active hydrogen species (Hads) produced by water decomposition. In this study, a Ru-doped NiFe-MIL-53 (NiFeRu-MIL-53) supported on Ni foam (NF) has been designed for the nitrate reduction reaction (NO3RR). The NiFeRu-MIL-53 exhibits excellent NO3RR activity with a maximum Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 100% at -0.4 V vs. RHE for NH3 and a maximum NH3 yield of 62.39 mg h-1 cm-2 at -0.7 V vs. RHE in alkaline media. This excellent performance for the NO3RR is attributed to a strong synergistic effect between Ru and reconstructed NiFe(OH)2. Additionally, the doped Ru facilitates water dissociation, leading to an appropriate supply of Hads required for N species hydrogenation during NO3RR, thereby further enhancing its performance. Furthermore, in situ Raman analysis reveals that incorporating Ru facilitates the reconstruction of MOFs and promotes the formation of hydroxide active species during the NO3RR process. This work provides a valuable strategy for designing electrocatalysts to improve the efficiency of the reduction of electrochemical nitrate to ammonia.

Highly selective and stable electrochemical reduction of nitrate to ammonia using VO2-x/CuF catalyst with oxygen vacancies

Electrocatalytic reduction poses significant challenges due to slow kinetics, limited selectivity, and instability, hindering its potential for sustainable nitrate (NO3−) removal and producing valuable N-containing compounds. This study develops a one-step hydrothermal approach for decorating copper foam (CuF) with VO2 nanobelts. Subsequently, N2 annealing is performed to generate oxygen vacancies (OVs) and yield a VO2-x/CuF sample for its application as an electrocatalyst in reducing NO3− to ammonia (NH3). Several characterization techniques are applied to study the structural and morphological features of the VO2-x/CuF sample, which shows a high crystalline and defective bundle-like structure of nanobelts attributed to the release of oxygen atoms that are beneficial for the electrochemical NO3− reduction processes. The VO2-x/CuF sample demonstrates impressive results, with a NO3− conversion of 78.7 %, an NH4+ yield rate of 1.833 mmol h−1 cm−2, an NH4+ FE of 77.9 %, and a remarkable NH4+ selectivity of 99.7 % at −1.3 V vs RHE. It is worth mentioning that the isotopic labeling findings reveal that the NH4+ originated from NO3− during the electrocatalytic NO3− reduction using a VO2-x/CuF sample. This confinement method effectively creates accessible metallic catalysts with OVs, enabling high-activity, selective and stable NO3− reduction to NH4+ electrocatalysts.

Interfacial interactions of Cu/MnOOH enhance ammonia synthesis from electrochemical nitrate reduction

Interfacial interactions of Cu/MnOOH enhance ammonia synthesis from electrochemical nitrate reduction

Enhanced electroreduction of low-concentration nitrate using a Cu-Pd bimetallic cathode system: Performance evaluation, mechanism analysis, and potential applications

Copper (Cu) is a widely recognized cathode for the electrochemical reduction of nitrate (NO3-). Nevertheless, its practical applications are currently restricted due to limited activity and selectivity, particularly at low NO3- concentrations. Herein, a Cu-Pd bimetallic cathode system was designed for NO3- reduction reaction with low NO3- concentrations (≤40 mg-N L-1). In this system, a Cu nanowire array cathode was utilized for NO3- reduction, while a Pd/C particle cathode was employed for NO2- reduction with H2 generated in situ from a polypyrrole electrode. Due to the improved mass transfer and active sites derived from Pd/C particle cathode, along with the synergistic effects of NO3- reduction and NO2- reduction, the constructed Cu-Pd bimetallic cathode system achieved a 7.32-fold increase in NO3– removal rate and a 1.70-fold increase in NH4+ selectivity compared to the traditional Cu cathode. This performance surpassed that of many other state-of-the-art Cu-based cathodes under similar conditions. Moreover, the Cu-Pd bimetallic cathode system displayed high reusability, and extremely low Cu and Pd leaching. Additionally, it showed strong resistance to environmental factors and can adapt to a wide pH range (3-9) and various NO3- concentrations (10-40 mg-N L-1). The electron spin resonance and scavenger experiments confirmed that both direct electron transfer and indirect reduction by atomic H* were involved in the NO3- removal process, with indirect reduction playing a more significant role. Overall, our findings guide the design of superior catalytic systems for NO3- removal to enhance the activity and selectivity of NO3- reduction for efficient water purification.

Semimetallic state transition in Two-Dimensional carbon nitride covalent networks and enhanced electrocatalytic activity for nitrate to ammonia conversion

Single-atom catalysts (SACs), due to their maximum atomic utilization rate, show tremendous potential for application in the electrocatalytic synthesis of ammonia from nitrate. Yet, the development of superior supports that preserve the high selectivity, activity, and stability of SACs remains an imperative challenge. In this work, based on first-principles calculations and tight-binding (TB) model analysis, a new two-dimensional (2D) carbon nitride monolayer, C7N6, is proposed. The C7N6 structure exhibits a strong covalent network, with dynamical, thermal, and mechanical stability. Surprisingly, the structural transition from C9N4 to C7N6 corresponds to a semimetallic state transition. Further symmetry analysis unveils that the Dirac states in C7N6 are protected by space–time inversion symmetry, and the physical origin of the Dirac cone was confirmed using the TB model. Additionally, a non-zero Z2 invariant and significant topological edge states demonstrate its topologically nontrivial nature. Considering the excellent structural and topological properties of C7N6, a three-step screening strategy is designed to identify eligible SACs for electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction (NO3RR), and Ti@C7N6 is identified as possessing the best activity, with the last proton-electron coupling step *NH2→*NH3 being the potential-determining step (PDS), for which the limiting potential is 0.48 V. Moreover, a free energy diagram shows that the *NOH reaction pathway is energetically preferred on Ti@C7N6, and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) calculations at 500 K confirm its good thermal stability. Our study not only provides excellent CN-based support material but also offers theoretical guidance for constructing highly active and selective SACs for nitrate reduction.

Enhanced electrochemical nitrate reduction on copper nitride with moderate intermediates adsorption

Nitrate in surface and underground water caused systematic risk to the ecological environment. The electrochemically reduction of nitrate into ammonia (NO3RR), offering a sustainable route for nitrate containing wastewater treatment and ammonia fertilizer conversion. Exploration of improved catalysts activity with lower energy barriers is still challenging. Herein, we present a copper nitride (Cu3N) catalyst with moderate *NOx and·H2O intermediates adsorptions showed enhanced NO3RR performance. Density functional theory calculations reveals that the unique electronic structure of Cu3N provides efficient active sites for NO3RR, and enables balanced adsorption of *NO3 and·H2O (ΔE descriptor) and moderate intermediate (*NO3 → HNO3, *NH2→*NH3) adsorption energy. Interestingly, in-situ analysis proved the potential-driven reconstruction and rehabilitation of Cu3N, thus implied for better mechanism understanding. The NO3RR activity of Cu3N surpasses that of most recent catalysts and demonstrates superior stability and implies the application for NH4+ fertilizer recovery, which maintaining an NH3 Faradaic efficiency of 93.1 % and high yield rate of 2.9 mg cm2h−1 at −0.6 V versus RHE.

Theoretical insight into electrochemical nitrate reduction on transition metal iron doped graphdiyne

AbstractProduction of ammonia (NH3) by electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate (NO3RR) not only eliminates harmful pollution, but also provides a way to reduce the energy consumption associated with predominated Haber‐Bosch process. However, realization of this process still faces many challenges because of the complexity of the reaction mechanism. Here we investigated the catalytic activity and selectivity of a series of graphdiyne supported single atom catalysts (SACs), namely TM/GDY, for the reduction of N to NH3 by first‐principles calculations. Among the 10 SACs studied, Fe/GDY was found to have good catalytic performance, consistent with the fact that the Fe‐doped GDY molecular layer was located near the top of the volcano plot, with a reaction limit potential of −0.44 V and showed excellent selectivity in inhibiting the competitive hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The formation of the by‐products NO2, NO, N2O and N2 on Fe/GDY requires a considerable energy barrier, which ensures high selectivity. Furthermore, detailed electronic property analyses indicate that the GDY can work as an electron repository to effectively balance the charge transfers during the reaction process. This study not only offers an eligible NO3RR electrocatalyst but also provides an atomic understanding of the mechanisms of the NO3RR process behind.

Unlocking sustainable nitrate reduction: Earth-abundant bimetallic electrodes under galvanostatic evaluation

Electrochemical reduction of nitrate (ERN) has emerged as a green alternative to alleviate the NH3 production via the Haber-Bosch process. Harnessing earth-abundant materials for electrocatalysts is a logical strategy, minimizing dependence on the cost-prohibitive platinum group elements. While previous research has delved into the preparation and evaluation of electrodes for NH3 generation, much of it has been mainly focused on potentiostatic conditions and mechanisms elucidation, overlooking real-world scenarios and precluding the advancement towards technology implementation. This study addresses this gap by screening the performance of earth-abundant bimetallic electrodes, leveraging Cu foam as a substrate and modifying it with Cu2O, Ni(OH)2, SnO2, and Co(OH)x through electrodeposition. A comprehensive characterization encompassing morphological, structural, and electrochemical analysis was performed on the novel bimetallic surfaces. Electrolysis experiments targeting 30 mg L−1 NO3−-N were conducted under galvanostatic conditions (2.5, 5, 10, 20, and 40 mA cm−2), revealing the following trend in NH3 yield (mmol NH3 gcat−1 h−1): Cu/Co(OH)x > Cu/Cu2O > Cu foam > Cu/SnO2 > Cu/Ni(OH)2. Engineering figures of merit required for techno-economic analysis, such as Faradic efficiency, electrical energy per order, kinetic constants, and NH3 generation efficiency, were estimated for each configuration. This study not only sheds light on the operational conditions of ERN but also offers a roadmap toward sustainable and economically viable NH3 production.

Ru-Induced Defect Engineering in Co3O4 Lattice for High Performance Electrochemical Reduction of Nitrate to Ammonium.

Amidst these growing sustainability concerns, producing NH4 + via electrochemical NO3 - reduction reaction (NO3RR) emerges as a promising alternative to the conventional Haber-Bosch process. In a pioneering approach, this study introduces Ru incorporation into Co3O4 lattices at the nanoscale and further couples it with electroreduction conditioning (ERC) treatment as a strategy to enhance metal oxide reducibility and induce oxygen vacancies, advancing NH4 + production from NO3RR. Here, supported by a suite of ex situ and in situ characterization measurements, the findings reveal that Ru enrichment promotes Co species reduction and oxygen vacancy formation. Further, as evidenced by the theoretical calculations, Ru integration lowers the energy barrier for oxygen vacancy formation, thereby facilitating a more energy-efficient NO3RR-to-NH4 + pathway. Optimal catalytic activity is realized with a Ru loading of 10 at.% (named 10Ru/Co3O4), achieving a high NH4 + production rate (98nmols-1cm-2), selectivity (97.5%) and current density (≈100mAcm-2) at -1.0V vs RHE. The findings not only provide insights into defect engineering via the incorporation of secondary sites but also lay the groundwork for innovative catalyst design aimed at improving NH4 + yield from NO3RR. This research contributes to the ongoing efforts to develop sustainable electrochemical processes for nitrogen cycle management.

The Tandem Nitrate and CO2 Reduction for Urea Electrosynthesis: Role of Surface N-Intermediates in CO2 Capture and Activation.

Electrochemical reduction of CO2 and nitrate offers a promising avenue to produce valuable chemicals through the using of greenhouse gas and nitrogen-containing wastewater. However, the generally proposed reaction pathway of concurrent CO2 and nitrate reduction for urea synthesis requires the catalysts to be both efficient in both CO2 and nitrate reduction, thus narrowing the selection range of suitable catalysts. Herein, we demonstrate a distinct mechanism in urea synthesis, a tandem NO3- and CO2 reduction, in which the surface amino species generated by nitrate reduction play the role to capture free CO2 and subsequent initiate its activation. When using the TiO2 electrocatalyst derived from MIL-125-NH2, it intrinsically exhibits low activity in aqueous CO2 reduction, however, in the presence of both nitrate and CO2, this catalyst achieves an excellent urea yield rate of 43.37 mmol･g-1･h-1 and a Faradaic efficiency of 48.88% at -0.9 V vs. RHE in a flow cell. Even at a low CO2 level of 15%, the Faradaic efficiency of urea synthesis remains robust at 42.33%. The tandem reduction procedure was further confirmed by in-situ spectroscopies and theoretical calculations. This research provides new insights into the selection and design of electrocatalysts for urea synthesis.

Electrocatalytic Conversion of Nitrate Into Ammonia Through Heterogeneous Catalysis of NiMoO4 and Cu/Cu2O

AbstractFacilitating equilibrium in the nitrogen cycle, electrochemical nitrate reduction (NitRR) to ammonia stands as a carbon‐free method for ammonia synthesis. Copper‐based catalysts, renowned for NitRR, face a hurdle in supplying sufficient hydrogen radicals (*H) for efficient hydrogenation of NitRR intermediates. Addressing this, NiMoO4 is leveraged as an excellent *H donor, synergistically coupling it with a copper‐based catalyst. The work introduces a high‐performance NiMoO4/CuO nanowire (NW)/Copper foam (CF) catalyst for NitRR, achieving a remarkable Faraday efficiency (FE) of 98.8% and a yield of 0.8221 mmol cm−2 h−1. Operating at −0.2 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (vs RHE) in an H‐type electrolytic cell, the catalyst demonstrates exceptional stability over 20 h. Additionally, coupling NitRR with an air stripping process enables efficient collection of NH4Cl products, offering a practical avenue for converting waste nitrates into valuable ammonia products. In‐depth in situ electrochemistry and density‐functional theory (DFT) calculations affirm the transformation of CuO into Cu/Cu2O during the electrocatalytic reduction process. Cu/Cu2O catalyzes nitrate conversion to nitrite, while NiMoO4, serving as a *H donor, facilitates deoxidation and hydrogenation of other N intermediates on the Cu/Cu2O surface, effectively driving the reduction of nitrate to ammonia.

Engineering the Metal‐Support Interaction and Oxygen Vacancies on Ru@P‐Fe/Fe3O4 Nanorods for Synergetic Enhanced Electrocatalytic Nitrate‐to‐Ammonia Conversion

AbstractRuthenium (Ru) loaded catalysts show high activity and selectivity for ammonia (NH3) synthesis via electrochemical reduction of nitrate (NO3−), but their practical application is still restricted by their high cost and insufficient stability. Herein, a multi‐component electrocatalyst of Ru nanoclusters loaded on phosphorus‐doped/phosphate‐modified and oxygen vacancy (OV)‐rich Fe/Fe3O4 composite nanorods (Ru@P‐Fe/Fe3O4) to synergistically promote electrocatalytic NO3− reduction reaction (NO3−RR)‐to‐NH3 performance via strong metal‐support interaction (SMSI) is reported. Impressively, the best Ru@P‐Fe/Fe3O4 catalyst exhibits outstanding NO3−RR activity, selectivity, and durability in 0.1 M KNO3 + 0.5 M KOH solution, with an NH3 yield rate of 14.37 ± 0.21 mgNH3 h−1 cm−2 (1710.71 ± 25 mgNH3 h−1 mgRu−1) at −0.75 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (vs. RHE), an NH3 Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 97.2% at −0.55 V vs. RHE, and a superior stability over 50 h, suppressing most of reported Fe‐based and Ru‐based electrocatalysts. The characterizations and theoretical calculations unveil that the SMSI between Ru nanoclusters and P‐Fe/Fe3O4 composite nanorods can promote the generation of OV, tune the electronic structure of Ru species, and stabilize Ru nanoclusters, thereby reducing the reaction energy barrier of NO3−RR‐to‐NH3, inhibiting the competitive hydrogen evolution reaction, and boosting the NH3 yield rate NH3 FE, and stability.

Electrocatalytic Nitrate and Nitrite Reduction toward Ammonia Using Cu2O Nanocubes: Active Species and Reaction Mechanisms.

The electrochemical reduction of nitrate (NO3-) and nitrite (NO2-) enables sustainable, carbon-neutral, and decentralized routes to produce ammonia (NH3). Copper-based materials are promising electrocatalysts for NOx- conversion to NH3. However, the underlying reaction mechanisms and the role of different Cu species during the catalytic process are still poorly understood. Herein, by combining quasi in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), we unveiled that Cu is mostly in metallic form during the highly selective reduction of NO3-/NO2- to NH3. On the contrary, Cu(I) species are predominant in a potential region where the two-electron reduction of NO3- to NO2- is the major reaction. Electrokinetic analysis and in situ Raman spectroscopy was also used to propose possible steps and intermediates leading to NO2- and NH3, respectively. This work establishes a correlation between the catalytic performance and the dynamic changes of the chemical state of Cu, and provides crucial mechanistic insights into the pathways for NO3-/NO2- electrocatalytic reduction.

ATR-SEIRAS Method to Measure Interfacial pH during Electrocatalytic Nitrate Reduction on Cu

This study reports the accuracy and applications of an attenuated total reflectance–surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (ATR–SEIRAS) technique to indirectly measure the interfacial pH of the electrolyte within 10 nm of the electrocatalyst surface. This technique can be used in situ to study aqueous electrochemical reactions with a calibration range from pH 1–13, time resolution down to 4 s, and an average 95% confidence interval of 14% that varies depending on the pH region (acidic, neutral, or basic). The method is applied here to electrochemical nitrate reduction at a copper cathode to demonstrate its capabilities, but is broadly applicable to any aqueous electrochemical reaction (such as hydrogen evolution, carbon dioxide reduction, or oxygen evolution) and the electrocatalyst may be any SEIRAS-active thin film (e.g., silver, gold, or copper). The time-resolved results show a dramatic increase in the interfacial pH from pH 2–7 in the first minute of operation during both constant current and pulsed current experiments where the bulk pH is unchanged. Attempts to control the pH polarization at the surface by altering the electrochemical operating conditions—lowering the current or increasing the pulse frequency—showed no significant change, demonstrating the challenge of controlling the interfacial pH.

Self-growing nitrogen doped cobalt-copper Co4Cu1N-CN/CF electrode for electrochemical nitrate removal

Selective electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction to nitrogen gas (NO3-N2RR) has emerged as a promising strategy. Herein, a self-growing Co4Cu1N-CN/CF composite electrode was successfully fabricated as cathode for electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction to ammonia (NO3-NH3RR) with the high NH4+-N selectivity (SNH4+-N over 97.8%), which coupled with IrO2-RuO2/Ti anode via hyperchlorination for NO3-N2RR (RTN over 96.1%). Electrochemical and quenching experiments indicated that direct electron transfer (DET) took precedence over indirect reduction (the surface-adsorbed H*) in NO3-NH3RR: Cu sites favored the nitrate to nitrite, and Co sites made for the subsequent reduction to ammonia. Furthermore, the high electron transfer number (n) demonstrated that the excellent performance of Co4Cu1N-CN/CF cathode was attributed to the predominance of DET form NO3－to NH4+ by skipping over some intermediate pathway. This study deepened the understanding of one-step electron reduction in the bimetal synergic NO3-NH3RR reduction and this electrochemical system has practically potential to treat nitrate wastewater efficiently.

Optimizing Intermediate Adsorption over PdM (M=Fe, Co, Ni, Cu) Bimetallene for Boosted Nitrate Electroreduction to Ammonia

AbstractElectrochemical reduction of nitrate to ammonia (NO3RR) is a promising and eco‐friendly strategy for ammonia production. However, the sluggish kinetics of the eight‐electron transfer process and poor mechanistic understanding strongly impedes its application. To unveil the internal laws, herein, a library of Pd‐based bimetallene with various transition metal dopants (PdM (M=Fe, Co, Ni, Cu)) are screened to learn their structure–activity relationship towards NO3RR. The ultra‐thin structure of metallene greatly facilitates the exposure of active sites, and the transition metals dopants break the electronic balance and upshift its d‐band center, thus optimizing intermediates adsorption. The anisotropic electronic characteristics of these transition metals make the NO3RR activity in the order of PdCu>PdCo≈PdFe>PdNi>Pd, and a record‐high NH3 yield rate of 295 mg h−1 mgcat−1 along with Faradaic efficiency of 90.9 % is achieved in neutral electrolyte on PdCu bimetallene. Detailed studies further reveal that the moderate N‐species (*NO3 and *NO2) adsorption ability, enhanced *NO activation, and reduced HER activity facilitate the NH3 production. We believe our results will give a systematic guidance to the future design of NO3RR catalysts.

Optimizing Intermediate Adsorption over PdM (M=Fe, Co, Ni, Cu) Bimetallene for Boosted Nitrate Electroreduction to Ammonia.

Electrochemical reduction of nitrate to ammonia (NO3RR) is a promising and eco-friendly strategy for ammonia production. However, the sluggish kinetics of the eight-electron transfer process and poor mechanistic understanding strongly impedes its application. To unveil the internal laws, herein, a library of Pd-based bimetallene with various transition metal dopants (PdM (M=Fe, Co, Ni, Cu)) are screened to learn their structure-activity relationship towards NO3RR. The ultra-thin structure of metallene greatly facilitates the exposure of active sites, and the transition metals dopants break the electronic balance and upshift its d-band center, thus optimizing intermediates adsorption. The anisotropic electronic characteristics of these transition metals make the NO3RR activity in the order of PdCu>PdCo≈PdFe>PdNi>Pd, and a record-high NH3 yield rate of 295 mg h-1 mgcat -1 along with Faradaic efficiency of 90.9 % is achieved in neutral electrolyte on PdCu bimetallene. Detailed studies further reveal that the moderate N-species (*NO3 and *NO2) adsorption ability, enhanced *NO activation, and reduced HER activity facilitate the NH3 production. We believe our results will give a systematic guidance to the future design of NO3RR catalysts.

Understanding Potential Losses and pH Distribution in the Electrochemical Nitrate Reduction Reaction to Ammonia

Understanding Potential Losses and pH Distribution in the Electrochemical Nitrate Reduction Reaction to Ammonia